Chess reference

Chess Terms Glossary

Tactics, strategy, and endgame concepts explained by a grandmaster.

Written by GM Mauricio Flores Rios Grandmaster and author of Chess Structures: A Grandmaster Guide

Pieces & Board

Chess Pieces

All six chess piece names, starting squares, moves, and point values — a GM's guide to the pieces, from queen to pawn, plus their names in six languages.

The Chessboard

A grandmaster explains the chessboard: 64 squares, ranks and files, correct setup (light square on the right), and how to build real board vision.

King

A grandmaster's guide to the chess king: how it moves and captures, castling rules, king safety, and why an active king wins endgames.

Queen

How the queen moves, why she is worth 9 points, and when to trade her: a grandmaster explains the strongest chess piece, from Scholar's Mate traps to queen sacrifices.

Rook

A grandmaster explains the rook: how it moves, why it is worth 5 points, castling, open files, and the activity rule that decides rook endgames.

Bishop

How the bishop moves, why each one lives on a single color forever, and when it beats the knight — a grandmaster's guide to chess's long-range diagonal piece.

Knight

GM Mauricio Flores explains the knight: the L-shaped move three ways, why it jumps, deadly forks, outposts, and when a knight beats a bishop.

Pawn

What is a pawn in chess? A grandmaster explains how pawns move, capture, and promote — and why Philidor called them the soul of chess.

Piece Values

Pawn 1, knight 3, rook 5, queen 9 — a grandmaster explains what chess piece values mean, when trades win, and when activity makes the table lie.

Rank

A rank is a horizontal row of eight squares on the chessboard, numbered 1-8. GM Mauricio Flores explains back-rank mates, seventh-rank rooks, and key endgame ranks.

File

A file is a vertical column of eight squares, lettered a-h. GM Mauricio Flores explains open and half-open files, rook play, and how pawn breaks open lines.

Diagonal

A diagonal is a slanted line of same-colored squares. GM Mauricio Flores explains long diagonals, fianchettos, bishop play, and the attacking lines toward f7 and h7.

Kingside

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains the kingside — the e- through h-files — from castling short and pawn shields to Greek gifts, pawn storms, and majorities.

Queenside

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains the queenside — the a- through d-files — covering castling long, queenside majorities, the minority attack, and expansion.

Tactics

Fork

Chess forks explained by a grandmaster: how one piece attacks two targets, classic knight fork patterns like the royal fork, and drills to train them.

Pin

Chess pins explained by a grandmaster: absolute vs relative pins, how to pile up on a pinned piece, and how to break out of a pin without losing material.

Skewer

Skewers explained by a grandmaster: attacking a valuable piece so it must step aside and expose one behind it, with classic rook and bishop patterns.

Double Attack

The double attack explained by a grandmaster: creating two threats with one move, how it differs from a fork, and drills to make you spot it instantly.

Discovered Attack

Discovered attacks and discovered checks explained: how moving one piece unleashes another, why the double check is chess's deadliest weapon.

Decoy

The decoy sacrifice explained: how to lure a king or defender onto a losing square, decoy vs deflection, and classic patterns every player should know.

Deflection

Deflection explained by a grandmaster: forcing an overworked defender to abandon its duty, how it powers back-rank tactics, and how to spot it in your games.

Overloading

Overloading explained: when one defender guards too many things at once, how to spot the overworked piece, and tactics that punish it immediately.

Battery

Chess batteries explained: lining up queen, rooks or bishop on one file or diagonal, classic battery patterns, and how to build one before striking.

Windmill

The windmill explained: alternating discovered checks that devour material, the legendary Torre-Lasker example, and how to set up your own see-saw.

Alekhine's Gun

Alekhine's Gun explained: stacking both rooks in front of your queen on one file, where the formation comes from, and how to break through with it.

Back-Rank Mate

Learn the back-rank mate from a grandmaster: the classic checkmate pattern, deflection tricks that force it, and when to make luft so it never happens to you.

Smothered Mate

The smothered mate explained by a grandmaster: the full queen-sacrifice mechanism, the preconditions to spot early, and how to train the pattern.

Greek Gift Sacrifice

The Greek gift sacrifice explained: when Bxh7+ works, the attacking mechanism that follows, and the checklist to run before giving up the bishop.

Exchange Sacrifice

The exchange sacrifice explained by a grandmaster: when a rook is worth less than a knight or bishop, typical compensation, and classic patterns.

Zwischenzug

A GM explains the zwischenzug: why automatic recaptures leak rating points, how in-between checks win material, and how to spot the intermezzo first.

X-Ray Attack

Learn the x-ray attack from a grandmaster: latent power through pieces, x-ray defense, how it differs from skewers and pins, and back-rank motifs.

Desperado

A GM on the desperado: how a doomed piece sells itself at top price, in-between captures in exchanges, and the stalemate rook that saves lost games.

Interference

A grandmaster explains interference: sacrifices that cut the line between defender and defended, Novotny and Plachutta ideas, and practical patterns.

Clearance Sacrifice

Learn clearance sacrifices from a GM: vacating squares, lines, and diagonals with tempo, plus the classic pattern of clearing e5 for your knight.

Removing the Defender

A GM explains removing the defender: capture the guard or drag it away, how deflection and overloading fit in, and the patterns that win material.

Trapped Piece

A grandmaster on trapped pieces: greedy bishops that die for a pawn, the Noah's Ark trap, cornered knights, and habits that keep your pieces safe.

Sacrifice

A GM's guide to sacrifices: sound vs speculative vs positional, what compensation really buys, how engines changed the verdicts, and when to trust yourself.

Combination

A grandmaster explains chess combinations: how forcing sequences chain tactical motifs into wins, with three immortal games and a training plan.

Candidate Moves

Candidate moves are the shortlist worth calculating. A grandmaster explains how to generate them, prune fast, and blunder-check — the thinking method that wins games.

Calculation

A grandmaster explains how chess calculation really works: candidate moves, visualization, forcing lines — and how many moves ahead GMs truly see.

Mating Net

A mating net traps the king before the mate is ever delivered. A grandmaster explains how to cut escape squares, the classic net patterns, and why quiet moves beat checks.

Hanging Piece

A hanging piece is one your opponent can simply take. A grandmaster explains why hung pieces decide most club games and the two-scan routine that stops the bleeding.

Poisoned Pawn

GM Mauricio Flores explains poisoned pawns: the famous Najdorf line Fischer loved, why b2 is bait, and a four-question checklist for when grabbing is safe.

Quiet Move

A grandmaster explains the quiet move — the non-forcing move that decides games, why calculation misses it, and how to train chess's hardest tactic.

En Prise

En prise means a piece can be captured for free. GM Mauricio Flores explains how to spot hanging pieces, when leaving one en prise is a sacrifice, and how to stop blundering.

Checkmate Patterns

Scholar's Mate

The four-move checkmate every beginner meets — and the refutation that matters more. A GM shows how to punish early queen attacks with simple development.

Fool's Mate

The fastest checkmate possible — 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# — and the lesson it teaches about f2, f7, and the king's fatal diagonal. A GM turns the joke into skill.

Anastasia's Mate

A knight on e7, a queen sacrifice on h7, a rook mate down the h-file. A GM teaches the exact pattern, its preconditions, and how to defend against it.

Arabian Mate

The thousand-year-old rook-and-knight corner mate: the exact geometry, how it arises from h-file attacks and endgames, and how a GM defends against it.

Boden's Mate

Two criss-crossing bishops mate the queenside-castled king. A GM dissects the classic Qxc3 queen sacrifice, the O-O-O precondition, and the Kb1 cure.

Légal's Mate

The famous queen pseudo-sacrifice: 5.Nxe5! and mate by three minor pieces. A GM explains when the trick works, when it fails, and how to count it out.

Epaulette Mate

A king flanked by its own rooks, mated by an unsupported queen from the front. A GM shows how the fatal huddle forms and how to keep an escape square.

Dovetail Mate

The protected queen's diagonal mate that finishes countless queen endings. A GM maps the exact geometry, the x-ray trick, and the two-free-squares rule.

Basic Checkmates

A grandmaster teaches every basic checkmate: the ladder mate, the king and queen box method, king and rook technique — and how to stop stalemating won games.

Strategy

The Center

Why the center decides chess games: classical vs hypermodern control, pawn centers and piece activity, explained with a grandmaster teaching approach.

Pawn Structure

Pawn structure explained by the author of Chess Structures: how pawns define plans for both sides, common structures, and how to study them properly.

Outpost

Outposts explained by a grandmaster: squares no enemy pawn can attack, why knights love them, and how to create, occupy, and fight against them.

Pawn Storm

Pawn storms explained by a grandmaster: throwing pawns at the enemy king in opposite-side castling, when to storm, and how to defend against one.

Backward Pawn

What a backward pawn is, why the square in front of it matters more than the pawn itself, and how to attack or defend this classic structural weakness.

Doubled Pawns

A grandmaster explains doubled pawns: when they are a real weakness, when they give you open files and central control, and how to play both sides.

Bad Bishop

A grandmaster explains bad bishops: how your own pawns can bury a piece, when a bad bishop still defends well, and the plans that free or exploit it.

Pawn Majority

Pawn majorities explained: how more pawns on one wing become a passed pawn, candidate-pawn technique, and majority play in queenside structures.

Fianchetto

The fianchetto explained: developing your bishop to g2 or b2, its strengths and weak squares, and the openings built around the long diagonal.

Gambit

Gambits explained by a grandmaster: what you really get for the pawn, sound vs dubious gambits, and how to play with and against gambit openings.

Tempo

Tempo explained: gaining and losing time in the opening, tempo battles in endgames, and why one move often matters more than a pawn.

Prophylaxis

Prophylaxis explained by a grandmaster: asking what your opponent wants, preventing their plan before it exists, and training prophylactic thinking.

Isolated Pawn

Isolated pawns explained: why the isolated queen's pawn trades structure for activity, how to attack an isolani, and the plans for both sides.

Minority Attack

The minority attack explained: pushing fewer pawns against more to create weaknesses, the classic Queen's Gambit Exchange plan, and how to defend it.

Luft

Luft explained: making an escape square for your castled king, when h3 or h6 is worth the tempo, and how luft prevents back-rank disasters.

Initiative

GM Mauricio Flores explains the initiative: creating threats your opponent must answer, trading material for time, and converting pressure before it fades.

Space Advantage

A pawn structure specialist explains what space really is, why it wins games, the cramped side's remedies, and when extra territory becomes a liability.

Weak Square

GM guide to weak squares: why pawn-proof holes are permanent, how they differ from weak pawns, and how masters provoke and occupy them — d5 above all.

Color Complex

How grandmasters think in light and dark squares: bad bishops, the fianchetto trade, opposite-colored-bishop attacks, and winning a whole color.

Blockade

Nimzowitsch's blockade explained by a GM: the knight as ideal blockader, freezing passed pawns and whole positions, and when a blockade becomes a fortress.

Open File

A GM's guide to open and half-open files: winning the file fight, doubling rooks, invading the seventh rank, and spotting when a file is worthless.

Hanging Pawns

The author of Chess Structures explains hanging pawns: the d5 break, plans for both sides, and how the duo transforms into isolani and back.

The Exchange

What winning the exchange really means and what it's worth: a GM on rook vs minor piece, the exchange sacrifice, endgame technique, and fortress traps.

Bishop Pair

What makes two bishops worth half a pawn, when the advantage grows, when it is worthless, and how to fight the pair: a grandmaster's practical guide.

Development

A grandmaster explains development in chess: why every opening move must add force, when to break the classical rules, and how Morphy punished slow play in 17 moves.

Pawn Break

A grandmaster's guide to pawn breaks: the pawn advances that turn middlegame plans into action, with the key breaks of every major structure.

Pawn Chain

A grandmaster explains pawn chains: base and head, Nimzowitsch's rule, the French and King's Indian structures, and how to know which wing to attack on.

Pawn Island

Pawn islands explained by a GM: how to count them, why fewer usually wins, and when active pieces outweigh a damaged structure.

Counterplay

GM Mauricio Flores Rios on counterplay: why passive defense loses, how to answer threats with threats, and the openings built to fight back.

Compensation

Compensation in chess, explained by a grandmaster: the non-material assets that pay for sacrificed material, how to judge them honestly, and when to cash in.

Positional Play

A grandmaster explains positional chess: pawn structure, weak squares, piece activity — and how quiet moves earn the tactics that win games.

Imbalance

Imbalances are the asymmetries in material, structure and activity that decide chess games. The author of Chess Imbalances explains how to judge and use them.

Transposition

GM move-order secrets: how transpositions dodge theory, avoid pet lines, and steer games into structures you know. By GM Mauricio Flores Rios.

Opening Principles

Grandmaster guide to the chess opening principles: why each rule works, when masters break them, and why ideas beat memorization below 1800.

Middlegame

A grandmaster's guide to the chess middlegame: the three questions that find plans, structure-based strategy, attack vs maneuvering, and when to trade down.

Simplification

Simplification means trading pieces to reach a winning or safer endgame. A grandmaster explains which trades convert your edge and which throw it away.

Rook Lift

GM Mauricio Flores explains the rook lift: how to swing a rook along the third rank into the attack, when lifts work, and how to stop your opponent's.

King Safety

GM guide to king safety: the pawn-shield rules, castling decisions, counting attackers vs defenders, and why material means nothing if you are getting mated.

Good Bishop

A good bishop is unblocked by its own pawn chain. GM Mauricio Flores explains how to recognize, create, and convert a good bishop from the opening to the endgame.

Half-Open File

What a half-open file is and how to exploit it: rook pressure, weak-pawn targets, the Sicilian c-file, and the minority attack, explained by GM Mauricio Flores.

Seventh Rank

Why a rook on the seventh rank is worth a pawn: the absolute seventh, pigs on the seventh, and rook endgame technique, explained by GM Mauricio Flores.

Connected Rooks

What connected rooks are, why they mark the end of development, and how doubled rooks and Alekhine's gun turn connection into attack. By GM Mauricio Flores.

Novelty

What a theoretical novelty (TN) is, how grandmasters prepare new moves, famous examples like the Marshall Attack, and what novelties mean for club players.

Book Move

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains book moves: being in book or out of book, how deep opening theory goes, and how much of it you actually need to memorize.

Material

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains material in chess: counting piece values, winning and converting a material advantage, and when sacrifices beat the count.

Hypermodernism

What hypermodernism means in chess: controlling the center from a distance, the Réti–Nimzowitsch revolution, and its legacy in the King's Indian and Grünfeld.

Overprotection

Overprotection explained by a grandmaster: why Nimzowitsch defended strategic points more than necessary, when it works, and how to use it in your own games.

Centralization

Centralization explained by a grandmaster: why pieces gain power in the center, how to fight for outposts, and when to march your king in the endgame.

Domination

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains domination in chess: restricting a piece until it has no safe squares, from endgame studies to trapped pieces in real games.

Coordination

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains piece coordination: why harmony beats material, how scattered forces lose games, and four tools to repair bad coordination.

Consolidation

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains consolidation: how to secure a winning position by returning material, trading queens, and putting king safety first.

King Walk

GM Mauricio Flores Rios on the king walk: famous marches like Short-Timman 1991, defensive escapes, and the calculation that makes them safe.

Endgame & Rules

Passed Pawn

A grandmaster explains passed pawns: how to create them, when to push them, why blockading matters, and the endgame technique that turns them into queens.

Connected Passed Pawns

Connected passed pawns explained by a grandmaster: why two side-by-side passers often beat a rook, how to advance them safely, and how to stop them.

Protected Passed Pawn

The protected passed pawn explained: why a passer defended by its own pawn dominates king endgames, and how to convert or contain this advantage.

Rule of the Square

The rule of the square explained: the instant visual test that tells you whether a king can catch a running passed pawn, with the key exceptions.

Zugzwang

Zugzwang explained by a grandmaster: why being forced to move can lose the game, classic examples, and how to weaponize it in your endgames.

Stalemate

Stalemate explained by a grandmaster: the rule, why it exists, famous swindles that saved lost positions, and how to avoid stalemating your opponent.

Fortress

The fortress explained: how a defender can build an unbreakable setup and hold a draw down material, famous fortress patterns, and how to break one.

Fifty-Move Rule

A grandmaster explains the 50-move rule: when a game is drawn, how the counter resets, famous edge cases, and how to use the rule when defending endgames.

En Passant

En passant explained by a grandmaster: exactly when the special pawn capture is legal, why the rule exists, and the mistakes club players make with it.

Castling

Castling explained: every legality condition, kingside vs queenside, when to castle and when to wait, and how castling shapes the middlegame plans.

Checkmate

Checkmate explained by a grandmaster: check vs mate vs stalemate, the essential mating patterns, and how to train the checkmates every player must know.

Opposition

The opposition explained by a grandmaster: direct, distant and diagonal opposition, and how this king-versus-king duel decides pawn endgames.

Triangulation

Triangulation explained: how a king walks a triangle to hand the move back to the opponent, and when this endgame weapon wins drawn-looking games.

Lucena Position

The winning rook endgame every player must know. I show the exact Lucena setup and the bridge technique move by move, with its preconditions and traps.

Philidor Position

Hold rook endgames a pawn down with Philidor's third-rank defense. I teach the exact setup, the timing of the rook drop, and what happens if you are late.

Corresponding Squares

The theory behind opposition: king endgame squares where whoever must move loses. I show how to find and use correspondences, from basics to blocked endings.

Wrong Bishop

Why bishop and rook pawn can fail to win: the wrong-bishop fortress. I explain the corner rule, the king race, and the trades that save or cost half points.

Tarrasch Rule

Rooks belong behind passed pawns, yours and your opponent's. I explain why the rule works, its real exceptions, and how to apply it in your rook endgames.

Key Squares

The squares that guarantee the win in king and pawn endings. I map the key squares for every pawn, plus the rook pawn exception and the opposition method.

Vancura Position

The precise draw against rook and rook pawn on the sixth. I show the exact Vancura setup, the side attack and the checks, and why passive defense loses.

Endgame

What the chess endgame is, why it decides more games than any phase, and my GM roadmap to the endings every club player must master.

Waiting Move

A waiting move changes nothing and hands the obligation to commit back to your opponent. GM Mauricio Flores shows how waiting moves win endgames and deliver mates.

Opposite-Colored Bishops

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains opposite-colored bishops: why they make endgames drawish yet supercharge attacks, with blockade rules and trading advice.

Pawn Race

GM Mauricio Flores explains the pawn race: counting tempi to promotion, queening with check, and the one-tempo margins that decide endgame sprints.

Shouldering

GM Mauricio Flores explains shouldering: using your king's body to bump the enemy king off its path — the bodycheck that decides endgame races.

Rules & Fundamentals

Check

A grandmaster explains check: the three legal escapes, why checks come first in calculation, cross-checks, double checks, and how forcing moves win games.

Double Check

Two pieces check the king at once and only a king move is legal. A grandmaster explains why double check powers the smothered mate and chess's greatest combinations.

Perpetual Check

A GM explains perpetual check: how endless checks force a draw, the repetition rule behind it, and how to save — or protect — a winning position.

Promotion

A grandmaster covers pawn promotion: the exact rules, why the queen is the default, promotion races, passed-pawn strategy, and the myths to unlearn.

Underpromotion

A GM on underpromotion: knight promotions that fork and check, rook promotions that dodge stalemate, the Saavedra position, and the Lasker Trap.

Threefold Repetition

A grandmaster explains threefold repetition: what counts as the same position, castling and en passant rights, how to claim, and repeating on purpose.

Insufficient Material

A GM untangles insufficient material: which piece sets can never mate, dead positions, the two-knights paradox, and how timeout rules differ by platform.

Touch-Move

A grandmaster explains the touch-move rule: what a touch commits you to, j'adoube, castling king-first, famous violations, and the discipline it teaches.

Algebraic Notation

A GM teaches algebraic notation: files and ranks, piece letters, capture and check symbols, disambiguation like Nbd7, and why it unlocks every chess book.

Draw

Every way a chess game ends in a draw — stalemate, repetition, the 50-move rule, agreement, timeouts — a grandmaster explains the rules and how to avoid unwanted draws.

Illegal Move

A grandmaster explains what makes a chess move illegal, the FIDE penalties over the board, and the kitchen-table myths — castling, en passant, and pins.

Chess960 (Fischer Random)

What Chess960 (Fischer Random) is, why there are exactly 960 setups, how castling works, and what a GM says it teaches about real chess skill.

PGN

PGN is the universal text format for chess games. GM Mauricio Flores explains headers, movetext, comments and variations, and how to export and import game files.

FEN

FEN encodes a chess position in one line of text. A grandmaster walks through all six fields: pieces, side to move, castling rights, en passant, and the move counters.

Annotation Symbols

What !, !!, ?, ??, !?, ?!, +- and = really mean. GM Mauricio Flores decodes chess annotation symbols and shows how to use them in your own game analysis.

Resignation

GM Mauricio Flores explains resignation in chess: proper etiquette, tipping the king, when conceding is correct, and why club players should rarely give up early.

Draw Offer

A grandmaster's guide to the draw offer: the move-offer-clock procedure, etiquette, when to offer or accept, plus grandmaster draws and Sofia anti-draw rules.

Dead Position

GM Mauricio Flores explains dead positions: why the game ends instantly when checkmate is impossible, the link to insufficient material, and what it means on the clock.

Chess Variants

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains chess variants — Chess960, crazyhouse, bughouse, three-check, king of the hill, atomic — and what each one trains.

Competitive Chess

Blunder

A grandmaster explains what separates a blunder from a mistake, why strong players still hang pieces, and the checking routine that cuts blunders fast.

Brilliancy

GM Mauricio Flores Rios on what makes a move truly brilliant: sound sacrifices, only-move depth, famous brilliancies, and how engines changed the standard.

Elo Rating

How the Elo system really works — expected scores, K-factors, FIDE vs online ratings — explained by a grandmaster, plus a healthy way to think about gains.

Chess Titles

GM, IM, FM, CM and the women's titles: rating thresholds, how norms actually work, and how rare each title is, from a grandmaster who lived the norm chase.

Time Controls

Classical, rapid, blitz and bullet defined, increment vs delay explained, and a grandmaster's case for which time controls actually make you improve fastest.

Time Trouble

Zeitnot ruins more games than bad openings. A grandmaster explains why time trouble happens, what it really costs, and practical routines to escape it.

Armageddon

The tiebreak where a draw wins for Black: armageddon time splits, bidding variants, when it's used, and how strategy changes for both colors, GM-explained.

Swindle

Lost positions are not lost until the handshake. A grandmaster's guide to swindles: maximum resistance, stalemate traps, perpetuals, and defensive grit.

Bullet Chess

What bullet chess is — 1+0, hyperbullet, ultrabullet — how flagging and premoves really work, and a GM's rules for enjoying bullet without hurting your chess.

Blitz Chess

Blitz chess explained by a grandmaster: 3+0 vs 3+2 vs 5+0, how to think at speed, and how to use blitz to actually improve.

Rapid Chess

A grandmaster's guide to rapid chess: FIDE time controls, 10+0 vs 15|10, a four-step thinking routine, and how to turn every rapid game into real improvement.

Flagging

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains flagging in chess: winning or losing on time, online flagging culture, the dirty-flagging debate, and how increments change everything.

Swiss System

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains the Swiss system: how score-group pairings work, why open tournaments use it, and how to prepare for a nine-round Swiss.

Tiebreaks

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains chess tiebreaks: Buchholz, Sonneborn-Berger, rapid and blitz playoffs, and armageddon — how tournament ties are resolved.

Premove

What a premove is in online chess: how queuing moves works, when premoving is safe, how it wins bullet and blitz games, and the traps that punish it.

Increment

What an increment is in chess time controls: Fischer increment vs delay, how added seconds per move change endgame play, and strategy for living on the increment.

Centipawn

What a centipawn is: the engine evaluation unit, what +1.5 means, average centipawn loss and accuracy scores, and when the engine's number misleads you.

Miniature

A miniature is a decisive chess game won in about 25 moves or fewer. GM Mauricio Flores explains why short games are the fastest way to learn openings and tactics.

Blindfold Chess

Blindfold chess is played without sight of the board. GM Mauricio Flores covers its history, famous records, and how visualization training builds real strength.

Correspondence Chess

Correspondence chess is played over days per move by post or server. GM Mauricio Flores explains ICCF rules, the engine era, and what deep analysis teaches.

Norm

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains chess norms: the certified tournament performances behind the GM and IM titles, drawn from his own road to the grandmaster title.

Arbiter

A grandmaster explains the chess arbiter: what tournament referees do, when to call one, how draw claims work, and the FIDE arbiter titles from NA to IA.

Round-Robin

GM Mauricio Flores Rios explains the round-robin: how all-play-all pairings work, how it differs from a Swiss, and how to prepare for and pace a full campaign.

Performance Rating

GM Mauricio Flores explains performance rating (TPR): how it is computed, the 2600 GM-norm threshold, and how to read your own tournament results.

Simultaneous Exhibition

A grandmaster explains the simultaneous exhibition: its history, etiquette, how masters handle thirty boards at once, and how amateurs can score.